Igbo (or Ibo) is one of the major languages of Nigeria, spoken by approximately 45 million people. It is the language of the Igbo people, one of the three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria alongside the Hausa and Yoruba. Igbo is also spoken in parts of Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.

Whether you have Igbo roots and want to reconnect with your heritage, or you are fascinated by Nigeria and its culture, this guide will give you a solid foundation to start learning Igbo.

1. Why learn Igbo? 2. The Igbo alphabet and pronunciation 3. The tonal system: the key to Igbo 4. Igbo greetings 5. Basic grammar 6. Essential vocabulary: 50 words 7. Igbo numbers 8. Useful daily phrases 9. Igbo culture: understanding to learn better 10. Learn Igbo with Targumi

Why learn Igbo?

A language in danger... but experiencing a renaissance

UNESCO has classified Igbo as potentially endangered. Many young Igbo in Nigeria communicate in English rather than Igbo. But a powerful revitalization movement is underway, with apps, online courses, and renewed cultural pride. Learning Igbo means participating in this renaissance.

One of the largest African diasporas

The Igbo diaspora is one of the most significant worldwide — with a massive presence in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and across Europe. Notable figures like Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (author of "Americanah"), Obi Toppin (NBA), and John Boyega (Star Wars) are of Igbo origin.

Nigeria = Africa's largest economy

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa (230 million inhabitants) and its largest economy. The Igbo are historically known as a people of entrepreneurs and traders. Speaking Igbo opens considerable business doors.

Almost no online resources

Despite its 45 million speakers, Igbo remains under-represented in online language learning. Targumi is one of the rare platforms offering structured Igbo learning.

The Igbo alphabet and pronunciation

Igbo uses an extended Latin alphabet of 36 letters (the Ọ̀nwụ̀), including special characters.

Igbo vowels

Igbo has 8 vowels, more than English or French:

Sound Meaning | ----------------| as in "father" hand | as in "bed" king | as in "see" head | as in "go" mouth | as in "food" house | deeper, guttural "i" horse | open, guttural "o" fire | deeper, guttural "u" house (dialect) |

The dotted vowels (ị, ọ, ụ) are unique to Igbo. They are pronounced further back in the throat, with a lower vibration.

Special consonants

Igbo has digraphs (two letters = one sound):

Sound ------- as in "church" both sounds together as in "Gwen" both sounds together as in "queen" "nw" as in "canyon" as in "ship"

The gb and kp sounds are labial-velar consonants — you pronounce both sounds simultaneously. This is a sound unique to Igbo that is found almost nowhere else.

The tonal system: the key to Igbo

Igbo is a tonal language with three distinct tones. Tones are ESSENTIAL — they completely change the meaning of words.

The three tones

Symbol Meaning | -----------------| á cloth | à bed | ā crying |

The word "akwa" can mean cloth, bed, or crying depending on the tones used. This is why tones are so important in Igbo.

How to practice tones

1. Listen a lot: Igbo music (highlife, Afrobeats) is excellent for getting used to tones 2. Record yourself: compare your pronunciation with native speakers 3. Learn tones with vocabulary: never memorize a word without its tones 4. Don't get discouraged: even native speakers have dialectal variations in tones

Igbo greetings

Greetings in Igbo are rich and vary according to the time of day, the age of the person, and the context.

Basic greetings

English --------- Welcome How are you? How are you? (formal) I'm fine Thank you Thank you (formal) Yes No Good night Goodbye

Time-based greetings

English --------- Good morning Good afternoon Good evening

Respect for elders

In Igbo culture, respect for elders is fundamental. When greeting an older person, you add a title:

  • Nna (father/sir) for men
  • Nne (mother/ma'am) for women
  • Dede (older brother) or Ada (older sister)

    • Basic grammar

    Word order

    Igbo follows the Subject - Verb - Object (SVO) order, like English:

  • Obi na-eri ji = Obi is eating yam (Obi + eating + yam)

    • Personal pronouns

Igbo | ------| Mụ (m) | Gị | Ọ (ya) | Anyị | Ụnụ | Ha |

Verbs and tenses

Igbo verbs use particles and prefixes to indicate tense:

  • Na- = present continuous: M na-eri = I am eating
  • -rị = past: M riri = I ate
  • Ga- = future: M ga-eri = I will eat

    • Negation

    To negate in Igbo, add a- or e- at the beginning and -ghị at the end:

  • M na-eri = I am eating → A naghị m eri = I am not eating

    • Essential vocabulary: 50 words

    Body and people

    English | ---------| person | man | woman | child | father | mother | head | hand | foot | eye |

    Food

    English | ---------| yam | taro | chicken | fish | rice | water | food | bean fritters | kola nut |

    Nature

    English | ---------| tree | land/earth | sky | sun | moon | house | road/path |

    Common expressions

    English | ---------| I love you | Please | Sorry | It's good | Let's go / OK | What? | Where? | How much? |

    Igbo numbers

    Igbo | ------| otu | abụọ | atọ | anọ | ise | isii | asaa | asatọ | itoolu | iri | iri abụọ | narị |
    Vowel
    Example
    -------
    ---------
    a
    aka
    e
    eze
    i
    isi
    o
    onu
    u
    ulo
    ị
    ịnyịnya
    ọ
    ọkụ
    ụ
    ụlọ
    Digraph
    Example
    ---------
    ---------
    ch
    chi (God/destiny)
    gb
    egbe (gun)
    gw
    gwuo (to dig)
    kp
    kpọọ (to call)
    kw
    kwuo (to speak)
    nw
    nwoke (man)
    ny
    nyanwụ (sun)
    sh
    shi (to come from)
    Tone
    Example
    ------
    ---------
    High
    ákwá
    Low
    àkwà
    Mid (falling)
    ākwā
    Igbo
    Context
    ------
    ---------
    Nnọọ
    Welcoming someone
    Kedụ
    Common, neutral
    Kedụ ka ị mere?
    More formal
    Ọ dị mma
    Positive response
    Daalụ
    Common
    Ị meela
    More respectful
    Ee
    Affirmative
    Mba
    Negative
    Ka chi foo
    Evening farewell
    Ka ọ dị
    When leaving
    Igbo
    Time
    ------
    ------
    Ụtụtụ ọma
    Morning
    Ehihie ọma
    Afternoon
    Mgbede ọma
    Evening
    Pronoun
    ---------
    I
    You
    He/She
    We
    You (plural)
    They
    Igbo
    ------
    mmadụ
    nwoke
    nwanyị
    nwa
    nna
    nne
    isi
    aka
    ụkwụ
    anya
    Igbo
    ------
    ji
    ede
    ọkụkọ
    azụ
    osikapa
    mmiri
    nni
    akara
    ọjị
    Igbo
    ------
    osisi
    ala
    igwe
    anyanwụ
    ọnwa
    ụlọ
    ụzọ
    Igbo
    ------
    A hụrụ m gị n'anya
    Biko
    Ndo
    Ọ dị mma
    Ngwa
    Gịnị?
    Ebee?
    Ọlé?
    Number
    --------
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    20
    100
    1000
    puku |

    Useful daily phrases

    Introducing yourself

  • Aha m bụ... = My name is...
  • A bụ m onye Igbo = I am Igbo
  • A na m amụ igbo = I am learning Igbo

    • At the market

  • Ego ole ka ọ bụ? = How much does this cost?
  • Ọ dị oke ọnụ = It's too expensive
  • Wedata ọnụ ahịa = Lower the price
  • Ọ dị mma, a ga m azụ ya = OK, I'll buy it

    • Asking for help

  • Biko, nyere m aka = Please help me
  • Aghọtaghị m = I don't understand
  • Kwuo ya ọzọ biko = Please repeat

    • Igbo culture: understanding to learn better

    Chinua Achebe and Igbo literature

    Chinua Achebe, author of "Things Fall Apart," is the father of modern African literature. His work explores traditional Igbo culture facing colonization. The novel contains numerous Igbo proverbs.

    Igbo proverbs

    Proverbs are "the palm oil with which words are eaten" (Achebe). Here are a few:

  • "Otu onye tụọ izu, ọ gbaa ya n'ukwu" = When a man makes a decision alone, it falls on his feet (= collective wisdom matters)
  • "Onye aghana nwanne ya" = Never abandon your sibling (= solidarity above all)

    • Nollywood and Igbo

    Nigeria's film industry (Nollywood, 2nd in the world by volume) is heavily influenced by Igbo culture. Many films are shot in Igbo or include Igbo dialogue.

    Learn Igbo with Targumi

    At Targumi, we offer Igbo courses for all levels:

  • Certified native tutors from Nigeria
  • Small group classes (3-6 students) for collaborative dynamics
  • Private lessons adapted to your level
  • Mobile app with exercises and vocabulary
  • Cultural approach integrating proverbs, music, and Igbo traditions

    • Igbo is a rich, tonal, and fascinating language that carries the wisdom of a people of entrepreneurs and storytellers. Every word you learn brings you closer to a vibrant community and a millennia-old culture.

    Daalụ! (Thank you!)

    ---

    Article written by Chioma Okafor, certified Igbo tutor and Targumi collaborator. At Targumi, we make learning Igbo accessible to everyone.